The transition from 4G to 5G places high demands on equipment power consumption and cost. Suppliers are facing more and more innovation pressures and challenges. One of the pressures is the proliferation of radio types and frequency bands. From the radio type, the earliest is the macro base station, to the later RRU, BBU, and now to the latest various small stations and the introduction of Massive MIMO from 4.5G to 5G.
Faced with such demand, as early as last year, ADI launched RadioVerse to help users solve related radio design problems. The core is radio technology. Its product portfolio includes new radio transceiver hardware, software tools and a robust design environment to help enable smaller, lower power radios for next-generation networks.
ADI RadioVerseTM Marketing Manager Weng Jie
Weng Jie, Marketing Manager of ADI RadioVerseTM, said: "The AD9375 RF transceiver, which is the latest addition to Analog Devices' high-integration broadband RF transceiver family, is the first on-chip integrated digital pre-distortion (DPD) algorithm. RF Transceiver - This design breakthrough reduces power consumption by 90% compared to competing solutions."
The new AD9375 product supports rapid evaluation and development of radio designs for 4G small cell and Pre-5G massive MIMO systems, increasing data rates and improving connectivity in densely populated high-traffic areas such as office buildings, stadiums, and public transportation systems. Data throughput.
According to Weng Jie, the existing RadioVerse main products are AD9361, AD9363, AD9364, which is the first generation transceiver. The second generation is based on the AD9371. The AD9375 is launched as a follow-on product to the AD9371. It provides various platforms and tools for the ecosystem, as well as the Mathworks Matlab® Simulink® model, including filter wizards, evaluation boards, various software tools, etc. Wait.
The reference design and module solutions are also targeted at different applications. Weng Jie said that for RadioVerse, I hope to build it into a one-stop solution platform. Users can not only check product-related information or download datasheets on RadioVerse, but also hope to go to RadioVerse when planning the roadmap. Come up, hope to help users solve problems, including solutions from the chip to the entire system.
The first RF transceiver with integrated DPD algorithmThe AD9375 is the industry's first wideband RF transceiver with integrated DPD. It supports up to 40MHz and the RF frequency is from 300MHz to 6GHz, just like the AD9371. The channel is two-shot and two-in-one, and the interface is the 6Gbps JESD204B. The power consumption is similar to that of the AD9371.
Weng Jie pointed out that one of the best features, it is pin-compatible with the AD9371. Users who have already used the AD9371 can easily replace the AD9375 if they want to use the DPD. The AD9375 has great advantages as an integrated DPD product. There are three main aspects compared to the traditional DPD method:
First, it is a very low power solution. The traditional DPD is based on the FPGA, the general power consumption is above 1W, 1W ~ 2W, and the DPD power consumption is only 0.1W.
Second, because this is an integrated solution, the number of interfaces and JESD channels is greatly reduced. Because the DPD is now moved from the FPGA to the Transceiver, the FPGA resources can be reduced, reducing the complexity and cost of the FPGA. From FPGA to Transceiver, TS does not need 5 times, only 1 time. For example, the original data rate is 61.44MHz, in this case more than 300 megabytes of data rate multiplied by 5, in this case only need to run 61.44, which is why the SERDES channel can be reduced from 8 to 4, or even 2 Strip, power consumption can save 600 milliwatts.
Since the DPD system is divided from the FPGA to the transceiver, the number of JESD204B serial data interface channels is halved, which greatly reduces the power consumption of the system, especially the work brought by the application scenarios with high radio channel density requirements such as Pre-5G massive MIMO. The reduction in consumption is very obvious.
Third, other advantages include a more compact radio circuit layout that simplifies cabling and system design, reduces base station size, and allows designers to use lower cost and more complex FPGAs. In small base station systems, these advantages allow each device to support more frequency bands, thereby increasing network capacity while minimizing the impact on system power consumption and size.
In addition, the AD9375 transceiver can be used in common radio platform designs to achieve an RF frequency range of 300 MHz to 6 GHz. The JESD204B interface supports up to 6 Gbps and consumes less than 5 W. Similar to the AD9371, the AD9375 includes two 100 MHz receivers, two 250 MHz transmitters, a dual input observation receiver, and a three-input sniffer receiver. The transceiver's integrated DPD solution supports 3G and 4G signals with instantaneous signal bandwidths up to 40 MHz.
In addition to the AD9375, the RadioVerse transceiver hardware portfolio includes broadband devices for macrocell-to-picocell, femtocell architectures, and ultra-low-power narrowband transceivers for IoT applications.
In the case of Massive MIMO, more savings, such as 64T64R, multiplied by 32, because we have two channels on each Transceiver, multiplied by 32, this time TS 384 channels can be reduced to 128 SERDES channels, this is the right For TS, that is a large number reduction, which can save a total of 19W power consumption.
For small stations and Massive MIMOFor this product, small stations and Massive MIMO, of course, 5G have many technologies, among which small stations increase network density through spectrum multiplexing, thereby increasing capacity and coverage. Its main application scenarios, such as airports, stadiums, office buildings, small stations in China have begun to deploy. It should be said that more than 80% of the stations use our Transceiver technology, whether indoors, outdoors or in the country.
Weng Jie said that Massive MIMO is a relatively new technology, mainly for 5G, using beamforming to provide higher data rates and greater capacity. A very important thing is to greatly increase the capacity and coverage through spatial multiplexing, and the data rate will be greatly improved. Its main application scenarios are generally used in hotspots, including CBDs, commercial centers, and its advantages are Different user orientations can also reduce interference.
Finally, Weng Jie concluded that the AD9375 is mainly for 3Gbps, 4Gbps small stations and large-scale Massive MIMO. It is also the industry's first wideband RF amplifier with integrated DPD. The RadioVerse technology and design ecosystem is designed to help users reduce radio size, weight and power consumption while maintaining the highest possible radio performance and provides a very complete ecosystem, including amplifier reports, evaluation boards, evaluation tools, and small stations. Reference design, etc., to accelerate developer product development.
Starlight mirror, also known as light mirror or scattering mirror, is a special filter. Different types of vertical and horizontal linear stripes are carved on the glass of starlight mirror by etching. Under the action of point light source, the bright points in the shooting scene can diffract, so that each light source point on the shooting photo emits light of a specific harness, To achieve a radiant effect.
According to the number of fine lines carved on the starlight mirror and the patterns composed of fine lines, it will produce star flashes with different effects. Common starlight mirrors mainly include: one character, cross, meter character, snowflake mirror, etc., and special ones include: Victor star, Polaris, etc. When shooting jewelry, water, starlight, lights and other scenes, you can get different types of light. The starlight mirror softens the image slightly, but its main function is to create a radiant effect around the light source. Starlight mirror is usually used to shoot the light of night scene or the reflection of objects to achieve a radiant effect and make the photos have a dreamy artistic effect.
Starlight lens is a kind of Color Filter widely used in commercial advertising photography. It can produce a radiant effect at the highlight of the subject. If the starlight mirror is used, soft starlight will appear in the high light parts of glassware and metal products, making the picture shining.
The light effect of starlight mirror in use is affected by focal length, aperture and light spot. The effect of using a telephoto lens is usually better than a telephoto lens. The aperture around F8 is better; If the aperture is too large, the light line will become an intermittent short line; The aperture is too small and the light effect is worse. The smaller and brighter the light spot, the better the light effect. The dark background is also an important condition to ensure the light effect, so the effect of using starlight mirror is particularly significant in night shooting, which can often make the night scene shine.
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